I was asked a question yesterday by someone preparing for a post-graduate medical exam: “What do you mean by working efficiently?”  I did my best to answer the question ‘on the hoof’, so thought I would share it and try to expand on it here.

You’ll notice that I usually talk about ‘exam preparation’ rather than ‘revision’ or ‘study’ " that’s for a reason. This is because I feel that it reflects an important change of focus that helps people work more efficiently. To talk about studying doesn’t imply any end-point or goal. Revision suggests a second view, a ‘re-look’ at something, which suggests that exam preparation starts late in the day, just before the exam.

So I use the term exam preparation as I think that this creates a better idea of how to work efficiently. Being efficient means getting maximum outcome from minimal effort. In any serious exam, this ‘minimal effort’ for most people will be a hell of a lot of hard work. Here are my top five tips to make sure your hard work bears fruit:

1. Time management starts by giving yourself time to do the job. Exam preparation starts as soon as you decide (or realise!) that you want/need to do the exam. Ideally this should be several months (by which I mean six, rather than two) before the event. If you’ve left it to the last minute, you really need to ask yourself if it wouldn’t be better to wait for the next sitting.

2. Time management continues by actually using the time you’ve got well. You’ve got 24 hours in every day, just like everybody else. You need to focus and prioritise. What in your life doesn’t contribute to your exam preparation? As far as possible, either: do it, dump it, downsize it or delegate it.

3. Don’t confuse lack of motivation with lack of time. Many people complain that they have ‘no time’, and yet seem to find time to watch TV, sit chatting with friends, or surfing the net. You do need some leisure time to recharge your batteries. But beyond that, many people’s lack of time is actually lack of energy or motivation to use their time. Find something about taking the exam that really, really matters to you " the kudos of having the letters after your name, the great new job you’ll get, or time to commit back to your family. Whatever it is, remind yourself of why you are doing this whenever you find yourself wasting time.

4. Know yourself and work with your natural strengths and weaknesses " if you’re a morning person, get up early and work in the early hours; if you think visually, use pictures and diagrams to help you learn; if you need external motivators, get your spouse or housemate to check your progress.

5. Plan to pass the exam. The axiom of exam preparation is that you need to work out how to get more marks than the pass mark. So get the curriculum, handbook and past papers, and work out the best way to focus your effort, so as to maximise the marks you get for each minute of effort.